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学术论文中时态和语态的使用规则详解
论文写作的考试政策是很多考生和家长关心的事。学术论文中时态的选择看似简单，实则有一定规律可循，现在时多用于概论和讨论部分，现在完成时适合总结性陈述，过去时则主要用于描述方法和结果。今天小编通过具体例句展示主动和被动语态的转换方式，掌握这些技巧能让论文表述更加规范严谨。感到兴趣的朋友与小编继续往下看吧
主动语态-主语为行动的实施方。
被动语态-主语为行动的接收方。
在撰写科学论文时我们会使用各种各样的时态。下面是一些在不同时态下使用主动语态和被动语态的例子：
1.现在时-通常在概论，讨论和结论中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Vitamin A increases the risk of hair loss.
Passive: The risk of hair loss is increased by vitamin A.
Example 2:
Active: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicleexhausts can induce a series of environmental problems, including photochemicalsmog, broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution.
Passive: A series of environmental problems, including photochemical smog,broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution, can be induced by volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicle exhausts.
2.现在时-通常在目标中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: In this study, we present our design of an electric hot water tank.
Passive: In this study, a design of an electric hot water tank is presented.
Example 2:
Active: This study develops an efficient methodology to examine a space–timecontinuous dataset for urban irrigation water use.
Passive: An efficient methodology to examine a space–time continuous datasetfor urban irrigation water use is developed in this study.
3.现在完成时-通常在概论，讨论和总结中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Previous studies have used comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences toelucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Passive: Comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences has been used in previousstudies to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Example 2:
Active: only a small number of empirical studies have focused on the patternsand mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatial scales, especially inwild host–pathogen systems [2].
Passive: The patterns and mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatialscales, especially in wild host–pathogen systems, have been focused on by onlya small number of empirical studies [2].
4.过去时：通常用于材料与方法/结果
Example 1:
Active: We determined the presence of larvae by dip netting.
Passive: The presence of larvae was determined by dip netting.
Example 2:
Active: We evaluated the number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), andnucleotides (π) using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Passive: The number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), and nucleotides (π) wasevaluated using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Example 3:
Active: We found a strong correlation between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
Passive: A strong correlation was found between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
写论文的完整流程与技巧
一、确定题目
论文题目可以从专业知识中来，也可以从时政热点中来，平常多看书、多积累、多思考，便会发现很多问题，这些问题或大或小，都可以成为论文选题的一个方向。同时，根据自身兴趣加以甄别、优选，然后确定一个合适的论文题目。要精炼论文题目，使得一看题目就很具吸引力。
二、细列提纲
确定题目后，要全面收集资料，最好是通过中国知网下载一些与所写论文相关的核心期刊文章；要花点时间精读文献，即便是在确定论文题目时，心中已有提纲，也必须再去阅读一些相关文献，这是列好提纲的基础，也是后面撰写论文的必要积累和热身。
三、全心撰写
在一二步完成后，接下来就是按计划撰写。要根据提纲内容，规定每天应该完成的撰写部分，且不折不扣地执行；当然，也可以根据自身的习惯来，有些人喜欢不间断写，因为思想观点转瞬即逝，高度集中撰写时，思想观点连续性强，写起来效率高；有些则喜欢每天完成一点，这样不仅不累，而且有更多的时间思考。
四、精心修改
论文主体内容完成后，不意味着论文完成。这时可以放一放，过一两天再看论文，从头到尾阅读、查看论文，有无错别字，有无不通顺，有无撰写不深不全的地方等等，修改可以一次甚至多次，完全根据自己对待论文的态度来，精益求精当然最好。
五、导入引言
论文一般还需要一个引言。这是论文开头的部分，主要阐述写作的原因，目的，意义等等，是进入正文的必备程序，如果直接从提纲进入，难免有所缺失，似乎没有开头。这一部分可以在撰写正文前写，也可以正文完成后再写。这里建议是完成正文后再写，这样可以更精准地把握全文，写好引言。
六、完善要素
全文完成后，还需完善一些要素，主要有参考文献、中英文摘要、关键词、作者简介、页码等要素。特别是摘要，要在写完论文后，在对全文精深把握的基础之上再写摘要，这样可以更好的把握摘要内容、写好摘要内容。